Allen, EM, Call, KT, Beebe TJ, McAlpine DD, & Johnson PJ. (2017). "Barriers to Care and Health Care Utilization among the Publicly Insured." Medical Care 55(3): 207-214. doi: 10.1097/MLR.0000000000000644.

This paper examines 2008 survey of adult enrolles in Minnesota's public helath care programs to study the effect of selected barriers to health care access and the magnitude of those barriers on health care utilization. The authors found that multiple types of barriers are associated with delayed and foregone care, with system-level barriers and discrimination having the greatest effect on health care seeking behavior.